OPTIMIZATION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUND EXTRACTION FROM DRYNARIA BONII AND SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR FUNCTIONAL PHYTOPRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

Dang Thi Le Hang ^a,b, Pham Thi Nhat Trinh ^c,*, Kieu Dang Minh Nhut ^a, Quach Tong Hung ^a, Do Chiem Tai ^d, Nguyen Van Tai ^d, Le Hong En ^e , Luu Hong Truong ^a,b,**, Le Tien Dung ^a,b,***

^a Institute of Advanced Technology (IAT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 1B TL29, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam
^b Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
^c Department of Natural Science, Tien Giang University (TGU), 119 Ap Bac, My Tho, Tien Giang, Viet Nam
^d HongBang International University (HIU), Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam

^e Forestry Science Institute of Central Highlands and South of Central Vietnam, Vietnam Academy of Forestry Science, Da Lat City, Lam Dong Province, Viet Nam

Abstract

Drynaria bonii H. Christ (Polypodiaceae) is a Vietnamese medicinal fern traditionally used for bone-related disorders. Here, we optimized ethanol extraction of bioactive compounds from wildharvested D. bonii and evaluated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, together with a screening life cycle assessment (LCA). Among three ethanol concentrations (30%, 70%, and 96%), the 70% ethanol extract (DB70) showed the highest total phenolic (65.96 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (130.79 mg QE/g) contents and strong antioxidant activity (DPPH IC50 = 24.86 μg/mL) and NO inhibition in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages (IC50 = 12.5 μg/mL). Extraction conditions were further optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) at 307 min, 63.67 ◦C, and a 21.18:1 solvent-to-solid ratio, yielding an optimized extract (DBO) with improved process efficiency and comparable bioactivity. UHPLC–QTOF–MS/MS followed by direct MS/MS spectral library matching (MoNA and MassBank) provided putative annotations of representative constituents, and targeted isolation followed by NMR confirmed naringenin and gallic acid. LCA using EF 3.1 midpoint indicators suggested that the optimized process reduced environmental impacts when normalized per unit of bioactivity. Finally, extracts from tissue cultured biomass (leaf/plantlet) displayed lower flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity than wild rhizome extracts under identical solvent conditions, highlighting organ- and cultivation dependent differences. These findings support D. bonii as a promising source of bioactive compounds and provide a reproducible, sustainability-oriented extraction workflow.

Keywords: Drynaria bonii, Response surface methodology, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, UHPLC–QTOF–MS/MS, Life cycle assessment, Sustainability

Sources: Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 73 (2026) 104025

Link: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2026.104025